Review: Going Infinite

 I read Going Infinite expecting some of the trademark incisiveness and insight that Michael Lewis had brought to his other books. To my surprise, Michael Lewis, despite having unprecedented access to Sam Bankman-Fried, apparently swallows SBF at face value, hook, line and sinker.

For instance, right at the end of the book Lewis defends SBF, claiming that it's very likely that FTX was in fact solvent at the time of bankruptcy. That seems pretty unlikely --- if it had indeed been solvent, it would have been easy for FTX to cough up the money that its depositors wanted, rather than declaring bankruptcy. Molly White has an even better takedown of Michael Lewis's claims on her blog.

The entire book, in fact, therefore doesn't add up. We get a lot of claims that SBF made at face value, which isn't very satisfying, and maybe the prurient e-mails and notes between SBF and his one-time romantic partner Caroline Ellison. It's very clear that SBF has effectively told his story well --- but we've seen admissions in public that his belief in Effective Altruism (which still seems to me a crock) was basically a sympathy play --- it was his way into social acceptability for a person who's not very good at socializing with people.

Ultimately, what I'm surprised by was that his employees put up with his treatment of them for so long:

The Serum tokens Sam paid to employees like Friedberg appeared to be fetching $.33 at the time of his bankruptcy. Their true value was not as clear. The FTX employees’ Serum tokens were “locked”; the employees were forbidden from selling them until they became unlocked. The person who did the unlocking was Sam. Initially, the tokens were meant to be unlocked over the course of seven years, starting at the end of the first year. Employees could sell one-seventh of their Serum at the end of that first year, and another seventh at the end of each of the following years, until they’d sold it all. Soon after Serum’s creation, its price had skyrocketed. Sam clearly had not anticipated this. He now had all these employees who felt ridiculously rich. (At least in theory, the value of Dan Friedberg’s Serum stash peaked, in September 2021, at over $1 billion.) In Sam’s view, everyone at once became a lot less motivated to work fourteen-hour days. And so he did a very Sam thing: he changed the terms of the employees’ Serum. In the fine print of the employee Serum contract, he’d reserved for himself the right to extend Serum’s jail time, and he used it to lock up all employees’ Serum for seven years. Sam’s employees had always known that he preferred games in which the rules could change in the middle. They now understood that if he had changed the rules once, he might do it again. They became less enthusiastic about their Serum. “It was very unclear if you had it or if you didn’t have it,” said Ramnik, who had watched in irritation as Sam locked up a bunch of tokens that he’d bought with his own money on the open market before he joined FTX. “I guess you would know in seven years.” (kindle loc 3971)

This is the kind of thing that should have an employee thinking: "If he's willing to cheat me like this, what makes me think that he'll be honest with anyone else, customers, lawyers, or his donors and lenders?" It seems there were plenty of clues as to the fundamental dishonesty of Sam Bankman-Fried. It's just that Michael Lewis chose to ignore all of them, just like his employees did.

 

Review: American Born Chinese

 American Born Chinese is a graphic novel depicting the Asian American experience. It intertwines 3 narratives: the story of the monkey king (known to nearly anyone from Asia), the story of Jin Wang, and the story of Danny, whose visiting embarrasing FOB cousin embarrasses him in school. It has been made into a Disney+ TV show, and has won many awards.

I can see why the story got picked up by Disney+ --- it has the fake sort of epiphany common to many Disney stories, which is the realization that you need to be true to yourself. The story is a straightforward narrative and the art is nothing special.

The ending was reasonable, but nothing I would call ground-breaking. 

Review: Babel

 After reading Yellowface, I had checked out Babel, R. F. Kuang's near past fantasy about a magic/silver based industrial revolution centered around translators of Oxford. At the back of the book I discovered that she got her MSc in Contemporary Chinese Studies from Oxford, which explains her familiarity with the material.

The story centers around Robin Swift, a mixed race Chinese person whose father rescued him for a chorea epidemic and brings him to England, where he undergoes an extensive classical education before starting life as an undergraduate at the translator's institute at Oxford. The department seems unusually small, with only 4 students in their cohort. (As a point of reference though, I'll note that Oxford is just small --- their math department numbers approximately 200 students per cohort)

As he undergoes his education, he's recruited by his predecessor, who faked his own death and dropped out when he realized that this work was being used by the British to oppress foreign countries. The nature of magic in this version of England is tied to silver and translations --- a silver engraving with words of deferring languages and the correct pronunciation and enunciation of both words in bilingual fashion would activate the power of the language based on the subtle differences between the words in these two languages. Kuang uses this conceit to create within the Babel translation department the need for linguistic diversity, with the department accepting its first African and Chinese students in order to research new word-pairs. Kuang associates this with being Chinese raised by the Anglo society:

He had become so good at holding two truths in his head at once. That he was an Englishman and not. That Professor Lovell was his father and not. That the Chinese were a stupid, backwards people, and that he was also one of them. That he hated Babel, and wanted to live forever in its embrace. He had danced for years on the razor’s edge of these truths, had remained there as a means of survival, a way to cope, unable to accept either side fully because an unflinching examination of the truth was so frightening that the contradictions threatened to break him. (kindle loc 5627)

The plot then cleverly revolves around the new, diverse student cohort realizing the oppression of the silver industrial revolution, and the desire of the British Empire's companies to open up the Chinese market to opium:

The silver industrial revolution is one of the greatest drivers of inequality, pollution, and unemployment in this country. The fate of a poor family in Canton is in fact intricately tied to the fate of an out-of-work weaver from Yorkshire. Neither benefits from the expansion of empire. Both only get poorer as the companies get richer. So if they could only form an alliance . . .’ Anthony wove his fingers together. ‘But that’s the problem, you see. No one’s focused on how we’re all connected. We only think about how we suffer, individually. The poor and middle-class of this country don’t realize they have more in common with us than they do with Westminster.’  (kindle loc 7079)

The book's climax drags, however, with the students attempting a revolution and the ending is much less satisfying than the rest of the book. The magic system is of course, as imprecise as translations of any text to any other language would be, which I thought was clever. The story of Robin accepting his privileged state before eventually taking action against his masters is also well done:

Robin had always been willing, in theory, to give up only some things for a revolution he halfway believed in. He was fine with resistance as long as it didn’t hurt him. And the contradiction was fine, as long as he didn’t think too hard about it, or look too closely. But spelled out like this, in such bleak terms, it seemed inarguable that far from being a revolutionary, Robin, in fact, had no convictions whatsoever. (kindle loc 4643)

The book has several anachronisms. For instance, pinyin is used frequently, despite it being a much later invention (post 1950!). It's quite clear that Kuang doesn't have extensive knowledge of non-Mandarin dialects, never even attempting to use Cantonese/Hokkien/Haka words or pronunciations of Chinese words.  It probably would have been better for the book if she'd stuck to actual Chinese characters instead of trying to use pinyin, because of pinyin's inherent ambiguity.

I enjoyed the book, nevertheless, only being disappointed by the ending, where it became clear that Kuang has written herself into a corner. I still recommend the book as a fun read, however, and it might be even more fun if you weren't already familiar with Chinese.

Review: Elon Musk

 I've been watching Walter Issacson go from being a historical biographer to becoming a biographer for contemporary figures. It's an interesting transition, though not always for the better as far as the content is concerned. When you write about a historical figure, you know how the story ends, and to some extent you can provide analysis of the person in context. So I come away from his books like Leonardo Da Vinci or even Einstein feeling smarter than when I read them. With figures like Steve Jobs there's not enough distance but you can see Issacson trying to provide historical context with decreasing success. With his most recent book Elon Musk he doesn't even try.

That's not to say that the book is no good. For one thing, the process of cost-cutting at SpaceX and Tesla isn't particularly well known or well described, nor is Musks' admirable willingness to make the call and take the risk and admit mistakes when he's made a mistake:

Musk took responsibility for the over-automation. He even announced it publicly. “Excessive automation at Tesla was a mistake,” he tweeted. “To be precise, my mistake. Humans are underrated.” (Kindle loc 3740)

Contrast this with Steve Jobs telling customers that they were holding the phone wrong. 

As the book progresses, however, you realize the limitations of Water Isaacson. He's not a technical person, so I wouldn't expect him to describe the intricacies of how a rocket can be designed, or why self-driving cars are much harder than making a reliable EV cheap enough for ordinary people to afford. (Though you could argue that Musk hasn't done that yet --- even the cheapest Tesla is still what I consider BMW territory in terms of pricing)

What's missing is that Issacson's not even that good as a business analyst. So you get this one throwaway line in the book near the end:

His most valuable lieutenants at Tesla and SpaceX had learned ways to deflect his bad ideas and drip-feed him unwelcome information, but the legacy employees at Twitter didn’t know how to handle him. (kindle loc 8104)

I went through the whole book and at no point did Issacson point to a place where either Tesla or SpaceX demonstrated the ability to manage up explicitly and defused Musk. The book has been one chapter after another chapter of Musks' feats, whether it's producing copious numbers of progeny with various women, or sleeping on the factory floor in order to inspire a sense of urgency amongst workers, or firing various managers viciously Darth Vader style. You start to get the impression that Issacson's successes in the past was because there was many other writers who went before him and produced the contextual analysis that he then summarized  in his own book, which made him seem so smart when writing books about historical figures.

This is not to say that it's a bad book. It's well written, with short chapters that can be read pick-up/put-down style in this age of multi-tasking, and told me a lot about the way Musk works, and maybe provide some sympathetic view that he's not a right-wing sycophant that he comes across as on social media. Having said that, I remember that the Nazis who voted for Hitler but didn't commit war-crimes were still Nazis and still actively worked to make the world a much worse place. Probably if Musk had been able to stick to Tesla and SpaceX he would still be hailed as a hero, and if he was an asshole to many of his employees, not much worse than Steve Jobs, which many Silicon Valley managers/CEOs seek to emulate, using his behavior as an excuse to behave abominably.

What does come across is that Musk loves risk, and loves being under fire. Which leads him to seek the kind of thrill and crises that only a company in existential threat can provide him. You therefore cannot expect him to be a normal person.

What I will say is that I admire the calm, cool manager who never manages a crisis because they were so able to anticipate problems that the problems never arise in the first place. Those people exist but because they're not attention seekers and are frequently introverts, nobody thinks to write biographies about them. It's clear that Issacson wants to write about scientists/technologiests, and innovators, and it's clear that over time the ability of one individual to make massive progress is limited --- his latest books end up being about people who lead teams of people. It's a pity that he chooses subjects that embody some of the worst humanity has to offer, providing yet another generation of Silicon Valley CEOs the excuse to behave like man-children.

Finally, I would say that I think that it's very difficult for a well-meaning biographer to get close to his subject while he's still alive and still be objective. It's quite clear to me that the calibre of Issacson's biographies go down when he's working on subjects who are still alive. A combination of not wanting to be nasty to someone whom you've gotten close to over the years (and it's impossible not to do that if you want to capture all the details) and the fact that in this case you probably don't want to piss off the richest person on the planet (who can do a lot of damage to your life if he doesn't like what you wrote). That makes the entire book suspect.

“I was very worried that if Elon and I parted on bad terms, he would tweet bad things about me and call me a libtard, and then his hundred million followers, some of whom may be violent, would come after me and my family.” Roth turned plaintive as he talked about his worries. “What Elon doesn’t understand,” he said at the end of our conversation, “is that the rest of us do not have security people the way he does.” (kindle loc 7435)

Review: Outlive

 I approached Outlive with the attitude that this was another crank health and nutrition book. To my surprise I found Peter Attia to be a pretty humble guy who's willing to read papers and go back on his previous enthusiasm for say, fasting. What he noticed about fasting was that it was very easy to lose muscle, which meant that it's only suitable for people who are so over-fat that the gains from losing fat outweighs the loss of muscle mass.

The book doesn't make any extravagant promises about shortcuts or quick fixes to your diet or exercise routine if you need to lose weight. Instead, it tries to advocate that your lifestyle and exercise program needs to meet the needs of someone who wants to live a long time in good health. If you dislike exercise or want a quick fix this book is not for you --- one of the charts early on demonstrate that if you still want to do easy activities like hiking in your 70s and 80s, you pretty much have to be in the elite 5% of the population in the top 5% of VO2 max for your age. If that's not daunting to you I don't know what is. (Then again, my Garmin watch constantly tells me I have that, so maybe it's not that hard in a nation which wants to drive everywhere and considers exercise to be something worse than death)

I will note that Attia is a great advocate for exercise. He notes, for instance, that the increased risk of dying from smoking is about 50% for a smoker vs a non-smoker. But the increased risk of dying if you're in the lowest quartile of the population is 100% compared to the population that's the next quartile up. In other words, being the least fit in the population is much worse for you than even being a smoker! For upper two quartiles diminishing returns kicks in and being in the elite 5% only reduces your risk of death by 4X rather than 2X compared to the bottom most quartile.

The nutrition part of the book is also interesting, since it notes that the RDA for protein designated by the FDA is actually the minimum necessary to maintain muscle mass, which means that if you're actually trying to gain muscle you have to double or even triple it! That will offend many vegetarians and vegans as he also goes on to explain how hard it is to get sufficient protein of the right kind on those diets.

There's also a huge emphasis in the book about sleep:

Kirk Parsley observed this when he was a physician to the SEALs. Outwardly, these men appeared to be prime physical specimens, finely honed by their rigorous training. But when Parsley analyzed their blood tests, he was shocked: many of these young guys had the hormone levels and inflammatory markers of men several decades older than them—“old-man blood,” Parsley called it. Because their training exercises and missions often began at odd hours of the night and required them to stay awake for twenty-four hours or more at a stretch, they were chronically sleep deprived, their natural sleep-wake cycles utterly disrupted. (kindle loc 5926)

The book is long and sometimes repetitive, so I don't expect a lot of people to read it, and I expect even fewer people to be able to apply the findings in the book. But then again, most people aren't going to be in the elite 5% of octogenarians who can still go hiking with their grand-children.

A science-based, humble approach to longevity. I therefore recommend this book.

Review: The Way Home

 I watched The Last Unicorn with my kids (an amazing movie --- I didn't know that a good number of the animators went on to work at Studio Ghibli later on, and also worked on Nausicaa), and realized that The Way Home is the sequel to the original novel.

The point of view character in the two novellas that form the book is Sooz, whom at the start of Two Hearts (the first novella) is nine years old. The book revisits Molly, Schmendrick, and Lyr years after the events of The Last Unicorn, and features Lyr's final adventure. It's poignant, and sets up the second novella.

The second novella begins when Sooz is 17, and is told a secret about her origin and family. It turns out that she has an older sister who was stolen by the Faerie, and she sees her on her seventeenth birthday and sets out to find her and bring her home. Along the way she encounters a stone golem who becomes her friend. The writing is just as lyrical and beautiful as Two Hearts, but I didn't find the ending nearly as compelling or beautiful. None of the other characters from The Last Unicorn appear in this second novella, so properly speaking it's only a sequel because of the connection with Sooz.

Both novellas are short and easily and quickly read. Two Hearts deserves all the awards that it's won. Recommended.

Bull Run Lake Backpack Boen Edition

 We'd planned a trip for the weekend of Sep 23-24th, but a bout of bad air arrived from Northern California and Oregon, breaking up what was until then a relatively smoke free summer. Purple Air indicated relatively good air quality near bear valley, so we reprised Carson Iceberg Wilderness, a trip that we'd done in 2017 with Bowen, but now with Boen. Back then, we'd done it as a 3 day/2 night trip, but we had only one night this time.

Air Quality at the trailhead was excellent, but we promptly got lost and ended up having to do a cross country hike to get back to the trail. The one time I'd not setup a route on my GPS of course, was the one time we had routefinding problems.

It was relatively cool, but once we'd pitched the tend and walked out to the lakeside I found that I had the courage to at least attempt to swim.

I got in, swam a few strokes, and got back out --- it was pretty cold! Arturo got in long enough to persuade Boen to get in, but after that he got out pretty quick as well. We gathered some firewood and then had dinner. Smoke came in, and gave the place a hazy air, but the portable air quality monitor never gave us a reading worse than "fresh."

We had dinner early, and then started a fire for marshmallows. I didn't realize that Boen had never roasted Marshmallows or had smores before, and that this was a new experience for him! I don't make campfires when I go camping, and the places I tend to go to don't allow them most of the time anyway, but Arturo told me that this was the first trip he'd done this year where campfires were permitted!

The night was forecast to be cold, close to freezing, but it was very comfortable at 8:00pm when Boen had had enough of Marshmallows and we brushed our teeth, and we went and did a bit of stargazing. Getting into our tent, Boen didn't read for long before going to sleep in the zero degree bag and freshly purchased Nemo Tensor Ultralight pad, which was now upgraded to R4.2 for 2023.

We all slept well, and I got out of the tent and made coffee the next morning in good spirits. The air was even clearer and cleaner this morning, and surprisingly warm. Arturo noted that his thermometer read 37F instead of the anticipated 33F, but I pointed out that he had kept his backpack in the vestibule of the tent. The air was bone dry, as was the tent, which was very much welcome when it came to packing things up.

We set off in the shade and made good time --- it's much harder to get lost on the trail from this direction, and it's also a lot easier going.

Boen was a lot stronger than his brother was, and despite blisters patched up with compeed the day before made good time with next to no whining. By the time we got to mosquito lakes we were wondering how the heck we had gotten lost the day before. As we approached the car Arturo pointed it out --- there was a sign that pointed in the wrong direction!

Air Quality was reasonable all the way home. It's the kind of thing you take for granted when you have it, but when you don't you're conscious all the time that the days when humanity can go outdoors and go camping may very well be limited!

Review: The Knowledge Gap

 If you're a parent of elementary school kids, you'll have encountered the metrics of measurement in an American school system, where kids are taught reading skills, such as identifying the topic of a sentence, and summarizing a paragraph. I remember being very impressed by this, since that was something I didn't remember doing until much later in my schooling.

Natalie Wexler's thesis in The Knowledge Gap is that this isn't a sign of a high functioning educational system but is a pointer to the lack of curriculum in the United States. The United States is unique among developed countries in that there's no national curriculum of study that the entire country follows. Instead, all the standards (in Common Core or others) are based on skills. This works in Math --- there's nothing in Math where knowledge doesn't equate to skill. But Wexler claims it fails in reading, because reading comprehension is tied completely to the knowledge you have. As an example, Wexler provides a paragraph describing a cricket match which would be incomprehensible to most Americans, since most Americans don't know what cricket is.

There's apparently a curriculum based approach called Core Knowledge, which isn't widely adopted. Chapter after chapter describes how controversial which knowledge to impart to children is -- lots of proposals get shot down or mired in politics, which is how we end up with the current situation, where many Americans don't know that the civil war was fought over slavery, or that the first 10 amendments to the constitution are called the bill of rights.

There's definitely a stigma attached to learning facts --- those of us growing up in Asia remember being told to memorize pointless facts, and history being reduced to memorizing dates that could be looked up with a quick web search or wikipedia. Nevertheless, Wexler makes a good point that if you're going to test reading comprehension, you might as well define a good curriculum so that the actual comprehension is important. There's also a ton of evidence that kids love it AND they do far better in test scores driven this way.

I didn't grow up in the American education system, but I too remember being disappointed by science classes in school getting most of my science education from popular media like Carl Sagan's Cosmos instead. That's unlikely to change unless parents demand it. I wonder if parents who grew up without this background, however, would even know to demand it!

I hope Wexler's criticism works and that we get a better knowledge-based curriculum in the United States. Apparently New York is starting to change. I wouldn't hold my breath though --- as a parent, though you can help out, since it's your job to impart knowledge as well!

The book gave me much to think about. Recommended.

Review: Yellowface

 Yellowface is R. F. Kuang's novel about white misappropriation of an Asian cultural work. It has no right to be so easy to read and fun, being about serious topics, but it is. The plot is about Juniper Song Hayward and her friend Athena Liu. Liu is a majorly successful writer (much like R. F. Kuang is), having sold novels not only to major publishing houses but also had a Netflix series deal in hand.

Liu dies a horrible death choking in front of Juniper eating pancakes, but not before she shows Juniper her latest, completed manuscript, a novel about Chinese laborers in Europe during World War 1. After the death, Juniper reads the manuscript, rewrites it and sells it, using her friend's idea and reigniting her otherwise lackluster literary career.

Juniper's a horrible person, of course, full of herself, and belittling her friends. She willingly publishes the novel using her middle name so the appropriate audiences would think that she was Asian, and manipulatively cuts off any possibility that she would be discovered as having stolen the work. Like most fiction authors she's neurotic and horribly addicted to twitter, and so turns every minor event into a major epic frenzy centered around herself (you must know people like that --- I do too!).

The book doesn't give you any insights about twitter culture, cancel culture, cultural misappropriation, or even about human nature that you don't already know. That's not its goal. Its goal is to entertain and perhaps poke fun at people like Juniper Hayward. That it succeeds at, in spades. If you've never read any other books surrounding New York's publishing culture, it'll also give you some insight about how cliquish it is. But there probably better ways of getting that info than this novel.

I read the book in a couple of days, and it was a nice change of pace from the usual heavy non-fiction I read. I'll look for other books by Kuang as they would make great airplane novels.

I learn it’s important to be anti-PRC (that’s the People’s Republic of China) but pro-China (I’m not terribly sure how that’s different). I learn what “little pinks” and “tankies” are and make sure I don’t inadvertently retweet support for either. I decry what’s happening in Xinjiang. I Stand with Hong Kong. I start gaining dozens more followers a day once I’ve started vocalizing on these matters, and when I notice that many of my followers are people of color or have things like #BLM and #FreePalestine in their bios, I know I’m on the right track. (kindle loc 949)

 Every so often someone in this industry develops a conscience and gives a nonwhite creator a chance, and then the whole carnival rallies around their book like it’s the only diverse work ever to exist. I’ve been on the other side. I’ve seen it happen. I’ve been in the room when we pick our one spicy book of the season, when we decide who’s educated and articulate and attractive but marginalized enough to make good on our marketing budget. It’s sick, you know. But I suppose it’s nice to be the token. If the rules are broken, you might as well ride the diversity elevator all the way to the top. Wasn’t that your logic?” (kindle loc 4099)

Review: Heartstoppers Vol 1-4

 Heartstoppers is the story of a gay couple, Charlie Spring and Nick Nelson. Set in high school in England, the story starts with Charlie breaking up with his boyfriend for kissing a girl. Nick then recruits Charlie to play rugby (which is a much more macho sport than football --- no armor!), and in the process of the two becoming best friends Nick discovers his own sexuality.

The characters are great and well-drawn. Maybe it's all kind of odd because all the main characters are either gay or transexual or bisexual. What's interesting to me is that Alice Oseman focuses on everything that happens after the relationship starts --- all the relationships in the book start with no drama, no one is ever rejected. This seems very unrealistic to me, but you have to understand that the author is a young woman who's probably never been rejected before, and at some level the author's focus isn't on the start of a relationship but the maintenance of it.

The depiction of characters are great --- people genuinely care about each other, and the treatment of anorexia is unusual and realistic. The book's main message is that love doesn't cure mental illness --- you have to get help and get the support of everyone around you, teachers, parents, doctors, and yes, your boyfriend. I love how tolerant everyone is in the book as well --- even the homophobes eventually admit to being wrong.

The book is set in England, so there's talk of A levels, but I also love that the school trip is to Paris and they don't need anything more than a bus to go there. The school trips depicted in the book are also way more chill than American school trips, with the kids being given lots more freedom and autonomy to approach a museum the way they want to, rather than being herded like cats. That's par for the course --- by the teenage years, in most countries kids have much more autonomy than in the USA.

With the huge amount of tolerance for non-straight behavior in the book, it's not a surprise that right-wingers have banned Heartstoppers. That should be enough to get you to read the book, but the reason I would want my kids to read the book is because it's full of empathetic characters who care about each other, who learn to deal with each other's problems, and are resilient enough to cope with bullying and other negative events in their lives. And that's good enough reason to read the book.

Review: The Rare Metals War

 The Rare Metals War is another book about the high cost of renewal energy. It makes several statements - one is that the current method of mining was ceded to China because of environmental action in the West driving out mines in those countries. The argument is that China strategically also tried to kill mining companies in the west by dumping supplies and driving their competition out of business.

purifying a single tonne of rare earths requires using at least 200 cubic metres of water, which then becomes saturated with acids and heavy metals.23 Will this water go through a water-treatment plant before it is released into rivers, soils, and ground water? Very rarely. The Chinese could have opted for clean mining, but chose not to. From one end of the rare metals production line to the other, virtually nothing in China is done according to the most basic ecological and health standards. So as rare metals have become ubiquitous in green and digital technologies, the exceedingly toxic sludge they produce has been contaminating water, soil, the atmosphere, and the flames of blast furnaces — representing the four elements essential to life. The result is that producing rare metals has become one of the most polluting — and secretive — industries in China. (kindle loc 369)

In this way, the book echoes Dani Rodrik's  2007 book about why fundamentally trading with totalitarian government is very different from trading with a democratically elected government:

Think of labor and environmental standards, for example. Poor countries argue that they cannot afford to have the same stringent standards in these areas as the advanced countries... Democratic countries such as India and Brazil can legitimately argue that their practices are consistent with the wishes of their own citizens, and that therefore it is inappropriate for labor groups or NGOs in advacned countries to tell them what standard they should have... But non-democratic countries such as China, do not pass the same prima facie test. The assertion that labor rights and the environment are trampled for the benefit of commercial advantage cannot be as easily dismissed in those countries. Consequently, exports of nondemocratic countries deserve greater scrutiny when they entail costly dislocations or adverse distributional consequences in importing questions.

This is nothing new and hopefully not a controversial statement. What I think is controversial is that this state of affairs cannot change. To some extent the author asserts that it can and must change:

Reopening mines in the West is the best possible decision we can make for the environment. Relocating our dirty industries has helped keep Western consumers in the dark about the true environmental cost of our lifestyles, while giving other nation-states free rein to extract and process minerals in even worse conditions than would have applied had they still been mined in the West, without the slightest regard for the environment. The effects of returning mining operations to the West would be positive. We would instantly realise — to our horror — the true cost of our self-declared modern, connected, and green world. We can well imagine how having quarries ‘in our backyard’ would put an end to our indifference and denial, and drive our efforts to contain the resulting pollution. Because we would not want to live like the Chinese, we would pile pressure onto our governments to ban even the smallest release of cyanide, and to boycott companies operating without the full array of environmental accreditations. (kindle loc 2363)

However, the bulk of the book spends a lot more time on how polluting the situation is, possibly causing some to think that the pollution is required and not really something we can do much about. To some extent, I think there also needs to be an analysis of what the localization of the pollution is. Not every pollutant is a greenhouse gas, where emissions anywhere in the world is detrimental to everyone else. In many cases the pollutant is localized, destroying local water supplies and farming --- it's a tragedy, but I'm afraid the reality of the situation is that the public is unlikely to care very much if the local population (i.e., the Chinese) don't care and would rather have food on the table and die later of cancer than die earlier of starvation.  The author of the book doesn't go into these details and doesn't seem to have done much research about the topic.

I think Volt Rush is the better book, covering much the same topics.

Review: Fire and Hemlock

 Fire and Hemlock is Diana Wynne Jones' mash-up of Tam Lin and Thomas the Rhymer. It's well-written and makes for compelling reading --- I bought it intending to read it on a trip and ended up finishing it (neglecting some library books) before the trip even started!

The plot revolves around Polly Whittacker, who gate-crashes a funeral at the age of 10, meeting Thomas Lynn (the big clue about the mash-up) and ending up in a world-creating pen-pal type relationship. They make up stories RPG-style, and Polly labels herself as an assistant hero.

The POV character, Polly is a great character --- sympathetic and determined. She decides to take her hero ambitions seriously and ends up playing soccer with the boys. She beats up the school bully, taking the inevitable punishments that come with all good deeds. But at the age of 19 she discovers she had two memories --- a memory of a life without Thomas Lynn and one with one. As she unravels the mystery the plot gets going and she takes an active part in trying to rescue her Thomas.

The kindle edition of the book comes with an essay that Diana Wynne Jones gave as a lecture --- it's about the multi-layered construction of the story, and also discusses the nature of heroism in ancient literature. The book's good reading, though I feel the ending was a bit rushed. But the explanation provided by Jones' essay/lecture gives you a good idea of what's going on.

The book's definitely worth reading. It makes me want to go back and re-read Thomas the Rhymer and Tam Lin.

Review: America in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

 America in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era is the great courses lecture series about American history during the period from 1865-1920. In many ways, the period during that time correspond to ours --- dramatically rising inequality, systemic racism, and gradually increasing awareness of the problems of society, and the eternal struggle between the plutocrats and the liberals that battle for the benefits of society.

The lecturer is entertaining, interesting, and selects good topics to cover, while giving a lot of context to the rise of the civil rights movement, as well as the growing abuse of the robber barons. He reminds us that the progressive era ended with a return to power by the plutocrats after world war 1.

I thoroughly enjoyed the review of history and the reminder not to give up hope. The country has been through times that were much tougher and eventually the liberals still managed to eliminate child labor, give us the 5 day work week, and even won women the right to vote. All of those goals looked insurmountable during those times but eventually they happened, though not without violence and sacrifice.

Review: The John Varley Reader

 I'm a fan of earlier John Varley work (his Heinlein pastisches didn't work for me, so I stopped reading his novels after he pivoted to those), so when The John Varley Reader came down to $1.99 for the Kindle I bought it. The book is a collection of his short stories, including the award winning ones like Press Enter. A fair number of them are set in the 8 Worlds series, which is some of the best science fiction you'll ever read (I still love Steel Beach).

Even better than getting to read all these great short stories (including one that was supposed to show up in The Last Dangerous Visions, which never got published), is that each story includes an introduction from Varley, frequently providing context as well as autobiographical information about how he came to write it. I thoroughly enjoyed these vignettes into his past, as well as how extraordinary his writing process is. For instance, while other writers enjoy workshopping their stories, he didn't. He'd write them, revised them, and then send them off.

He even explains the difference between the 8 worlds series and the Anna Louisa Bach stories, so by the time you start a new story you understand which universe you're in, and what to expect. The stories spend a lot of time on gender (since in the 8 worlds you can change your gender on a whim), and understandably many of the themes focus on the role of women in society. But they're good stories first and foremost, not preachy or have obvious plots twisted just to make a point.

I enjoyed the collection and can recommend it.

Review: The Science of Storytelling

 The Science of Storytelling is a book about applied neuroscience. The idea behind the book is to use our knowledge of the past few decades of neuroscience research and apply it to stories and characters, allowing us to analyze successful stories or create new ones. 

Will Storr's thesis is that we are interested in stories because of the main characters in them --- our internal experience of the world is that the kind of people who read novels are well aware that the human experience of the world is governed by an internal model of who we are and how the world works (i.e., how we control the outcome of our environment), and that character-driven stories are about how the character recognizes the flaws or changes of his or her model and either overcomes those flaws (by having an epiphany) or fails to change and get swept away by the resultant events.

Because the story event has been designed to strike at the core of this character’s identity, the thing they need to change is precisely that which is hardest. The flawed models they’re required to shatter run so deep that it takes an act of almost supernatural strength and courage to finally change them for good. (kindle loc 2470)

Storr then applies this approach to many stories (including one of my favorites, The Remains of the Day), and shows how the main characters in them view the world, and the change or epiphany that governs the characters's realization of the flaw in the model, and the outcome.

The curse of belonging to a hyper-social species is that we’re surrounded by people who are trying to control us. Because everyone we meet is attempting to get along and get ahead, we’re subject to near-constant attempts at manipulation. Ours is an environment of soft lies and half smiles that seek to make us feel pleasant and render us pliable. In order to control what we think of them, people work hard to disguise their sins, failures and torments. Human sociality can be numbing. We can feel alienated without knowing why. It’s only in story that the mask truly breaks. To enter the flawed mind of another is to be reassured that it’s not only us. (kindle loc 2642)

 Despite none of the neuroscience in the book being new to me, the application of the character/plot/story model to neuroscience gives me a new tool to analyze novels, and Storr's examples are fun and interesting. The only flaw that I can find in the book is that this tool isn't useful for most of science fiction, for instance, where it's the setting/situation/setup that's interesting and not the characters, nor is it useful for many genres like mystery novels. The author does recognize this limitation, and has an appendix with exercises on the applicability of his theories to those genres, but clearly those don't apply to the examples that he chose to use throughout the book.

Nevetheless, the book was a lot of fun and worth reading.

Bicentennial Campground Bikepacking Trip

 I've had my eye on the Bicentennial Campground for the last few years, trying repeatedly to get a campground reservation and failing every time. I finally got one for the weekend of September 9th, but Bowen had some math contest and Boen had a soccer tournament. Kids don't appreciate that these hard to come by reservations may never happen again, but a sure way to turn your kids off cycling and camping and other outdoor activities is to force them into it so I didn't push. (And to be honest, I'm a lousy sales person anyway!)

Over labor day week we all caught COVID and only got better the week after labor day. While I was able to ride the kids to school, I had no motivation to ride hard or to train, and I was warned by people that over-exertion could be one factor that causes long COVID. But I wasn't going to miss on on that reservation, so I gave the other 2 spots on the campground to Stephan and Otto, who would drive over, while I would ride the easiest route to the campground. If it proved to be too challenging I was prepared to take the train home on Sunday.

Departing from home, I had my vintage 1993 North Face sleeping bag, my Nemo sleeping pad, the Big Agnes Fly Creek UL1 and a ground sheet for it (which I don't consider optional), and a Klymit camping pillow. I had tools on the left side of the saddlebag and food on the right side. I had a toothbrush/toothpaste kit, floss, two packets of Apple Cider, and 3 instant coffees. I eschewed bringing freeze-dried food or a stove to keep the load light, planning to buy a burrito in San Francisco on the way to the campground, and mooching off Stephan for breakfast. I held everything with a Carradice Camper Longflap and a bagman saddlebag support. The Carradice had to have the long flap unfurled in order to support the tent, and once in place the tent wouldn't fall off. However, if I'd tried to load anything more the tent would start slipping if I stood up so I gave up bringing my CPAP setup. I thought about bringing the Roadini instead, but I'd just had COVID and I wanted the lightest possible load for a tour I wasn't sure I was going to complete.

Upon setting off, I felt good enough that I rode over Arastedero road and Portola Valley road before climbing Mountain Home to get to Canada road. I stopped at the Pulgas Water Temple to get some Hetch Hetchy water into my bottles and to eat a couple of bars. Upon departing the Water Temple I rode on Skyline and followed another cyclist onto the Sawyer Camp trail. I was told that the trail had a closure that prevented me from using it all the way to San Francisco but I could get off and use the road and the 280 connector instead. Who did I meet but fellow Western Wheeler Rao Loka.

We took a selfie to commemorate the occasion and I headed off onto the road. It had been more than a few years since I rode this route and I made more than a couple of wrong turns before finding the Northern portion of Sawyer Camp trail to avoid riding too much on Skyline. The ride was much worse than I remembered, with a very dirty shoulder that's obviously not maintained and 2 major freeway intersections, once with Highway 1 and once with Highway 280. Both were challenging unloaded and are painful with camping gear.

Once in San Francisco proper I got into Great Highway which was closed to cars. I used my Fenix to navigate through Golden Gate Park to Gordo Taqueria in Clement. They didn't have my favorite Al Pastor but the service was fast and they didn't even so much as blink when I rolled my bike into the shop to place my order.

After I rearranged my saddlebag to give an entire side pocket to the burrito, I again used the navigation system to navigate to the Golden Gate bridge through the Presido, a gorgeous ride. You couldn't see the tips of the towers on the Golden Gate Bridge but the views were nice and I was tired of sun anyway.

The bridge was an obnoxious crossing as usual on a Saturday afternoon, full of tourists on rental bikes clogging up the narrow bikeway. I overtook as safely as I could, and then headed up  Conselman road despite the GPS telling me otherwise. It was a mistake as the wind and the fog made it a slightly unpleasant experience. On the other hand, I always enjoyed the descent, though it wasn't as impressive as when the Western Wheelers do it in Spring when you get gorgeous views.

Arriving at the campground I rode my bike down to it and being a little tired, slowly pitched my tent. I did it so slowly that by the time I finished Stephan and Otto had arrived.

The view from site #3 at the campground was nothing short of amazing. But we had site #2. It would turn out that site #3 never showed up --- at $25/night people would book these incredibly hard to get campgrounds and abandon their reservations when their plans changed. The obvious solution is to charge a lot ($100/night), but then people would complain about how unfair that would be to poor people. So instead, it takes 3 years to get a reservation and many people who would love to camp in these amazing places just might never be able to get a reservation.

After the tent was pitched Stephan suggested visiting the Point Bonitas Lighthouse trail, which I'd never been. We arrived after the trail was closed, but the location was nothing short of gorgeous.

Stephan discovered that he'd forgotten matches. So we made  a trip to Sausalito to buy them. We then made dinner and after I'd helped eat some (in addition to the Burrito, which I'd already finished while Stephan and Otto were pitching their tent), I walked up the hill and made some sunset pictures from the nearby gun batteries.

When Stephan and Otto were done with dinner we decided to go exploring in the car. The sun was long since down so I suggested we visit Fort Baker to see the golden gate bridge as everywhere else was fogged in. It was a nice view.

We went to bed early as I was quite tired. I promised myself that I'd ride the tunnel road the next day and if I had no vim I'd ride to the train station and take the train home instead of my ambitious plan to ride Purissima Creek home.

I got up at 6:15am and started taking down the tent while the coffee was being made. I was motivated to get an early start in case I decided to take the ultra-long way home.

I helped Stephan and Otto eat their home made yogurt and granola, and also gave Otto my snickerdoodle cookies. I was full and ready to leave at 7:30am, and to my surprise rode my loaded bike up the trail back to the road with vim!

I made it easily through tunnel road and onto the entrance to the bike path to discover it was too early and so it was closed. I had to take the bridge over to the other side. After that, Garmin navigated me through the presidio again and back onto the Great Highway. I dreaded the climb out of San Francisco along a bad road, but two things changed. First, I was fresher, and secondly, Garmin knowing I wanted to be in Pacifica got me off Highwy 35 very early and along a bike route into Pacifica! The bike route rolled along residential streets before descending into Pacifica along a road unknown to me previously, eschewing traffic and was in general a stress free experience.

Once in Pacifica, I rode along bike paths under cloudy skies, and happily rolled along, discovering bike paths I didn't know existed until I got to the climb out of Pacifica onto devil's slide. This was a narrow piece of road and I had to be assertive to keep cars from trying to squeeze past me. Fortunately, it's fairly short and once I got to Devil's slide it was pretty enough and memories of me mountain biking in the area came back to me.

Once past the bike path on Devil's slide I was descending and traffic was light enough that I could let fast traffic past me and then pedal like crazy to try to keep up with traffic until I got to half moon Bay, where the sun finally came out, forcing me to stop and take off my arm and leg warmers as well as put on sunscreen.

In downtown Half Moon Bay I stopped for a smoke salmon bagel that was excellent if costly, and then turned off navigation on my watch as I was running low on battery. It had been more than 10 years since I climbed Higgins Purisima road, but I was heartened to see road closure signs. That meant low or no traffic! 

The climb was steep and slow with a loaded bike but I had plenty of food left so didn't hesitate to eat the remains of my caffeinated Clif Bloks. The road climbs to over 700 feet before descending back to 400 feet at Purissima Redwoods Park, where I ignored all the closure signs and rode into the park to begin climbing Purissima Redwoods trail, a hike I'd done with the kids before that looked rideable on a bike.

I passed a woman hiking and she said: "Hey, I saw you earlier riding on the road! I'm glad you made it!" I rode up the gentle fire road and to my surprise there were not wet sections that were slippery. Despite my load I could tackle every steep pitch with aplomb, though I did stop a couple of times to rest and give my back a break. On an unloaded bike this ride would have been a piece of cake. A woman walking the other way told me that I was incredibly strong to be able to do this on a bicycle. I didn't feel strong but every encouragement helps so I told her I had began the day in Marin County.

At the end of the climb, I ran into two rangers who told me that the alternative to Tunitas Creek would have two steep pitches that I probably would have to walk on my bike. From there, I descended Kings Mountain Road slower than usual and then rode home via the shortest, fastest route, meeting up with Shelley on the way.

What a great trip. I'm so glad that COVID while it sucked, didn't take away this trip!

Review: That Will Never Work

 That Will Never Work is Marc Randolph's telling of the founding of Netflix from inception to the IPO. While the press has always credulously repeated Reed Hasting's narrative about the late fees from returning a late video, I never bought it, because I remember Netflix from the days when it had a rental service. I did not remember the days when it actually sold DVDs from a website, since I was not that early an adopter of DVDs.

My view of tech startups has always been from the point of view of the technology --- here's an innovation where something that didn't used to be possible is now technically possible and that creates a product. Randolph's approach comes from that of a marketing person, which is a completely different approach. What he wanted was to build a company, so he just kept coming up with ideas until he found one that he thought was feasible, and then with $1.9M in seed funding from Reed, went on to build a company.

I thoroughly enjoyed the iteration of ideas reflected in Randolph's account. I also remember all the free coupons bundled with DVD players in the 1990s, and the inside account of how Randolph managed to get those coupons bundled with DVD players is a good one --- this is not stuff that many tech founders could do, but Randolph did it.

There are several key moments in the book, such as the one where Hastings gave Randolph his performance review and essentially asked him to not only give over the CEO job, but also to give over a chunk of his equity in the company. I was amazed that Randolph did it instead of deciding to just sell the company, but obviously it was the right decision in retrospect. The creation of the subscription service is also another highlight.

Randolph quit shortly after the Netflix IPO (after working on the Redbox concept with another early employee), so we never get to see the iterations of the streaming service. Randolph was also never involved with engineering after Hastings took over, so we don't get any technical insights (though many of those were disclosed in a Netflix talk at Google that I arranged in 2003). To be honest though, most of the innovations at Netflix in those early years revolved around the movement of DVD envelopes, and Randolph does go into detail about some of those, including the design of the mailers and the development of a small storefront system for redelivering returned DVDs to the next customers with a sub 48 hour turnaround.

Randolph makes a big deal out of Netflix's culture and credit Patty McCord's "unlimited vacation" policy. To be honest I still think that's the biggest ripoff introduced in work culture. But until Americans wise up and institute sane vacation policies for everyone in the country (an unlikely event) I suppose it is here to stay.

The book is short, well written, easy to read, and a real page turner. Recommended.

Review: American Prometheus

 American Prometheus is the biography of J. Robert Oppenheimer, and apparently the inspiration for the upcoming Christopher Nolan movie. I picked up having recently read the story of the Atomic Bomb and the Hydrogen Bomb, and I expected to already know most of the highlights. But since those other books didn't cover Oppenheimer in detail, I decided it would be worth it to get a good understanding of how Oppenheimer lead the effort on the atomic bomb.

In some sense, I was disappointed, because the book didn't cover much of his success as an administrator. Part of it is because the authors aren't particularly interested in engineering management (the Manhattan project was effectively a huge engineering project). What it did cover in detail was Oppenheimer's political activities in Berkeley and his dalliance with communism, but of course, that was because American Capitalism in the 1920s and 30s were so bleak:

By 1935, it was not at all unusual for Americans who were concerned with economic justice—including many New Deal liberals—to identify with the Communist movement. Many laborers, as well as writers, journalists and teachers, supported the most radical features of Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal. And even if most intellectuals didn’t actually join the Communist Party, their hearts lay with a populist movement that promised a just world steeped in a culture of egalitarianism...There was a lot of talk and not much action, which frustrated Frank. “We tried to integrate the city swimming pool,” he said. “They just allowed blacks in Wednesday afternoon and evening, and then they drained the pool Thursday morning.” But despite their efforts, the pool remained segregated. (kindle loc 2621-2631)

When I got to the part where Oppenheimer took on faculty roles at both Caltech and Berkeley, I was finally intrigued. Oppenheimer took a very deliberate and targeted approach in his teaching:

Oppenheimer thought that no one could be expected to learn quantum mechanics from books alone; the verbal wrestling inherent in the process of explanation is what opens the door to understanding. He never gave the same lecture twice. “He was very keenly aware,” Weinberg recalled, “of the people in his class.” He could look into the faces of his audience and suddenly decide to change his entire approach because he had sensed what their particular difficulties were with the subject at hand. Once he gave an entire lecture on a problem he knew would pique the interest of just one student. Afterwards, that student rushed up to him and said he wanted permission to tackle the problem. Oppenheimer replied, “Good, that’s why I gave the seminar.” (kindle loc 3354)

He even laid traps for his students:

 One day when Weinberg was in Oppenheimer’s office, he began rummaging through papers stacked on the trestle table in the center of the room. Picking out one paper, he began reading the first paragraph, oblivious to Oppie’s irritated look. “This is an excellent proposal,” Weinberg exclaimed, “I’d sure as hell like to work on it.” To his astonishment, Oppenheimer replied curtly, “Put that down; put it back where you found it.” When Weinberg asked what he had done wrong, Oppenheimer said, “That was not for you to find.” A few weeks later, Weinberg heard that another student who was struggling to find a thesis topic had begun work on the proposal he had read that day. “[The student] was a very genial, decent man,” Weinberg recalled. “But, unlike a few of us who enjoyed the kind of challenge that Oppie threw out like sparks, he was often baffled and nonplussed and ill at ease. Nobody had the courage to tell him, ‘Look, you’re out of your depth.’ ” Weinberg now realized that Oppie had planted this thesis problem for this very student. It was a distinctly easy problem, “But it was perfect for him,” Weinberg said, “and it got him his Ph.D. It would have been difficult for him to get it with Oppie if Oppie had treated him the way he treated me or Phil Morrison or Sid Dancoff.” Instead, Weinberg insisted years later, Oppie nurtured this student as a father would have treated a baby learning to walk. “He waited for him to discover that proposal accidentally, on his own terms, to pick it up and to express his interest, to find his way to it. . . . He needed special treatment, and by God, Oppie was going to give it to him. It showed a great deal of love, sympathy and human understanding.” The student in question, Weinberg reported, went on to do distinguished work as an applied physicist. (kindle loc 3364)

I certainly don't remember any of my professors at grad school being so kind-hearted! There's a good explanation right there was to why he was held in such high regard amongst physicists even though he never won the Nobel prize --- his social skills were outstanding. In one story, he listened to a conflict between two groups, and at the end of the listening session summarized the problems as discussed in such a way that the solution was obvious to both groups. That required both technical and social acumen, as well as a willingness to listen. Some of the best engineering managers I've ever worked with have this talent. The book explains:

He rarely gave orders, and instead managed to communicate his desires, as the physicist Eugene Wigner recalled, “very easily and naturally, with just his eyes, his two hands, and a half-lighted pipe.” Bethe remembered that Oppie “never dictated what should be done. He brought out the best in all of us, like a good host with his guests.” Robert Wilson felt similarly: “In his presence, I became more intelligent, more vocal, more intense, more prescient, more poetic myself. Although normally a slow reader, when he handed me a letter I would glance at it and hand it back prepared to discuss the nuances of it minutely.” He also admitted that in retrospect there was a certain amount of “self-delusion” in these feelings. “Once out of his presence the bright things that had been said were difficult to reconstruct or remember. No matter, the tone had been established. I would know how to invent what it was that had to be done.” (kindle loc 4205)

Of course, the movie isn't going to be about being a great engineering manager. Most likely it will cover his political destruction in the hands of Lewis Strauss, leaving him never the same again. Even then, the book didn't stop telling me things I didn't know, such as that he spent many of his last years at St. John, the island in the Caribbean that's part of the US Virgin Islands, owning a boat and sailing it often (he was an able sailor), and that his brother, Frank Oppenheimer, was the founder of the San Francisco Exploratorium, one of the first participatory science museums in the world. (Frank suffered even more for his dalliance with communism than his brother did, derailing a promising career in academic physics and having to become a cattle rancher for a while)

Needless to say, the book's well worth reading. Recommended!

Review: North Face Wawona 6 person tent

 My ancient Kelty Eureka tent dates from 1995, and it's had patches all over from various accidents, and the tent poles were no longer capped correctly so tended to snag. We used it quite a bit and there wasn open question as to whether it was still waterproof, though most likely more waterproof than the Mountainsmith Upland 6 that I'd bought and returned for being completely wet during an unusual downpour.

The Wawona 6 is insanely expensive, only affordable when severely discounted (I managed to get it for $251 including shipping and taxes), and when I unpacked it and set it up for the first time during the Haypress Trip I was impressed. The poles were color coded and easily snapped together by the kids, and went into the sleeves with minimal snags. The basic 5 pole tent set up in a jiffy even for first time use and had no obvious places of frustration.

The rainfly + vestibule, however, is a little tricker --- the back of the rainfly isn't easily well marked, so you'll put it on wrong the first time. How far to push out the vestibule and stake it down really demands 2 adults --- the two kids were of no help and in the end we ended up setting it up just a bit wrong --- the vestibule looked right, but in reality if we had to we wouldn't have been able to zip up both doors without restaking the vestibule. The tent probably should also have come with more stakes given the price.

In use, the tent is roomy, and could definitely fit 6 adults but is comfortable with 4 people if you don't like stowing your gear outside. There are lots of accessory/storage pockets inside, though the center lantern hanging is too high up for a kid to reach (a first world problem!). I'm particularly impressed by the way the entrance of the tent has a negative slope. It really ensures that you can sleep at the entrance with the door of the tent leaning away your face --- an ideal position for preventing condensation from waking you up or for water falling into your face if it were to rain in the night.

Tents are long lasting equipment --- unless you use them a lot (or even if in my case you do use them quite a bit) they go for decades especially in California conditions. This one is a keeper. Probably the last car camping tent that I'll own. Recommended.

Review: Delicious - The Evolution of Flavor and How It Made Us Human

 I did not expect to be impressed by Delicious, with its grandiose subtitle and opening chapter that bragged about how well traveled their families were while researching the book. But I quickly discovered that the book was full of interesting tidbits of information that I didn't know, such as why MSG tastes so good:

The taste of umami is a taste that rewards us for finding nitrogen. Umami taste, triggered by glutamic acid, leads us toward our necessary amino acids. But umami taste is not triggered by glutamic acid alone. Subsequent studies by other Japanese researchers would show that in addition to glutamic acid, inosinate and guanylate, two ribonucleotides, can also trigger umami taste. These two ribonucleotides are not found in the dashi’s kombu, but instead in the fish flakes. When inosinate or guanylate and glutamic acid are experienced together, they produce a kind of super umami. Glutamic acid and inosinate are experienced together in dashi. Dashi is rich with super umami, a flavor that is both deeply pleasing and indicative of the presence of nitrogen. (kindle loc 367)

The authors further tell us that cats have no sweet taste receptors:

 an animal that only eats other animals will tend to have in its diet about the right concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus. It also ends up with enough energy, in the form of fat and sugars in its prey’s cells, to carry out its daily activity. Cats with sweet taste receptors are no more likely than those without to survive and flourish; if they spent too much time sipping nectar and too little time eating prey they might have even been less likely to survive. As a result, when the sweet taste receptor of an ancient cat broke, that cat survived nonetheless. It did more than survive, as Xia Li (at the time also a researcher at the Monell Chemical Senses Center) recently showed. It begat all modern species of cats. No modern cat species have functioning sweet taste receptors.[15] Forests of sweet fruits and nectar are not delicious to cats, not even a little. If you give a cat a sugar cookie, well, it really doesn’t care. It does not experience any pleasure in the cookie’s sweetness; the cookie, to the cat, is not sweet. (kindle loc 501)

Other cool stuff in the book describes how humans decide whats tasty and what's not, and why certain animals are almost never eaten, while many others simply taste like chicken:

Muscle flavor derives from the mouthfeel of the muscle combined with the aromas from sulfur compounds in the protein. Unfamiliar meat often “tastes like chicken,” in part because the dominant flavors in chicken are these simple, somewhat bland, muscle flavors. “Tastes like chicken” really means “tastes like muscle.” Muscle flavor is easy to complement with sauces or herbs, or bread batter and oil, but it is relatively nondescript on its own. (kindle loc 1624)

 There's a description of why certain animals have pleasing flavors, and it comes down to the ineffectiveness in the animal's guts:

Animals with guts that are less effective at digesting food and breaking down toxins are more likely to have meat that bears the flavors of what they have eaten. The list of such animals, with less complete digestion, includes many more species. It includes species with hind guts (guts that occur after their stomach in the gastrointestinal assembly line), species with small foreguts (in which food stays too short a time to break down completely), and a variety of special cases. If animals from this second group of organisms eat foods with pleasing flavors, such as fruit and roots, their meat often strongly tastes of those flavors...Most of the preferred meats of the Mayangna and Miskito are from species whose meat bears the flavor of what they have eaten and that tend to eat foods with pleasing flavors. The Mayangna and Miskito rank the two peccary species they hunt, both of which feed heavily on roots, fruits, and seeds, as the tastiest of wild mammals. So too do hunters throughout the Americas. What is more, they prefer the peccary the most when it has been eating the bulbs of particular plants, peccary with a hint of allium, for instance, or wild hyacinth. Similarly, the Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania find warthogs, distant relatives of peccaries, to be delicious.19 If the warthogs have been eating the roots of wild ginger (which they often do), the roots lend a spiciness to their meat. (kindle loc 1668-1684)

You might have heard of the theory that the mega-fauna of North America were driven to extinction by human beings' hunting and consumption of their meat. Apparently those mammoths were pretty darn yummy. What you probably didn't hear about (and I certainly didn't even think about it), is the evidence left behind by such extinction --- there were fruits that had evolved to be dispersed by those mega-fauna, and the authors describe how to identify them:

 Each of these undispersed fruits had its own aroma, taste, and shape, its precise and unique biochemistry of attraction. Some, like mangos and avocados, had enormous seeds at their centers, hard to bite and often toxic. Others, like papayas, had many tiny, soft (and sometimes slippery) seeds. Some had fatty pulp, others had sweet pulp, still others had fleshy and somewhat bland pulp. In short, the fruits varied. And yet nearly all were big, indehiscent (they didn’t break open and release their seeds on their own), and aromatic. These fruits seemed to imply big, missing dispersers. Tellingly, the fruits looked to Janzen liked the sorts of fruits eaten in Africa by elephants and other large mammals. (kindle loc 1949)

This is great stuff. There's the question as to how these fruits could have survived even after the mega-fauna had been hunted to extinction, and the authors describes how monkeys would throw some of these fruits down onto the ground and waited until they softened and became fermented before eating them. It's also likely that humans did the same thing, and there's an entire chapter on human discovery of fermentation. It's also likely, of course, that the fruits that weren't tasty to humans also didn't survive once the mammoths were gone.

There's a chapter on spicy food, where the authors describe papers that test one of the theories I ever had, which was that spicy food evolved in hot places as a way to keep food free of pathogens. Unfortunately there's no definitive study taht proverd this:

We would expect spice use to be common where conditions are hot and wet and pathogens grow quickly. This prediction is easy enough to make, but harder to test well. Sherman and a student, Jennifer Billing, tried one approach. They compiled recipes from around the world and then compared the mean number of spices in different recipes. What they found is that the hotter a region is, the more kinds of spices are found in the average recipe, as they had predicted (figure 6.3). However, there are other reasons this pattern might be expected. For example, it is possible that more kinds of plants with the potential to be used as spices can grow in warm, wet places. In theory, it should be possible to statistically distinguish these two explanations, but no studies have done so, as of yet. (kindle loc 2301)

As you can see from the quotations this book far exceeded my expectations and I enjoyed reading it far more than I thought I would. There's more descriptions of fermented cheeses, alcohols, and what drives people to work on those foods when there are easier ways of getting those calories into your body. All in all I can highly recommend this book. Just be careful not to over  eat while reading!